New York University (NYU) Academic Calendar Essay Example

New York University (NYU) Academic Calendar Essay Example New York University (NYU) Academic Calendar Paper New York University (NYU) Academic Calendar Paper Essay Topic: Academic WINTER QUARTER 2018    Friday, March 24, 2017    Fall 2017 course search and registration status features available on Albert. Please review the withdrawal schedule to determine when a grade of W will be issued when dropping classes.    Monday, April 24, 2017    Registration Begins by appointment for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students.    Monday, May 29, 2017    Memorial DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Tuesday, July 4, 2017    Independence DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Sunday, August 27, 2017    NYU Welcome Day / Move-in Day    Monday, September 4, 2017    Labor DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Tuesday, September 5, 2017    Fall 2017 classes begin    Monday, September 18, 2017    Last day of active waitlists    Monday, September 18, 2017    Last day of initial registration on Albert for all students.    Monday, September 18, 2017    Last day to drop/add on Albert for all students.    Monday, September 18, 2017    Last day to drop fall 2017 classes and not receive a grade of W.    Tuesday, September 19, 2017    Beginning today students will be issued a grade of W if they drop a class from their fall schedule or withdraw for the term.    Tuesday, September 19, 2017    Waitlists will be purged.    Tuesday, September 19, 2017    All students who wish to perform initial registration or a registration transaction to add a class must go to their academic advisor or their academic department in order to initiate this request.Beginning today students who want to withdraw from a class should use the Request Class Withdrawal process.    Tuesday, September 19, 2017    Courses dropped after the first two weeks of the semester: No refund of tuition or fees for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who are dropping classes, but will remain enrolled in at least one course.    Monday, September 25, 2017    The Census Capture Date    Monday, October 9, 2017    Fall Recess No classes scheduled    Monday, November 6, 2017    Midterm Grades Deadline    Monday, November 6, 2017    Last day to use the Term Withdrawal Form to submit a fall semester term withdrawal request or submit a request to withdraw from a course. Students should consult the academic calendar of their home school for specific deadlines pertaining to course withdrawal for the term.    Wednesday, November 22, 2017 -Sunday, November 26, 2017    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Thursday, November 23, 2017 -Sunday, November 26, 2017    Thanksgiving Recess for University OfficesNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Tuesday, December 12, 2017    Legislative Day Classes will meet according to a Monday schedule    Friday, December 15, 2017    Last day of Fall 2017 classes    Saturday, December 16, 2017 -Sunday, December 17, 2017    Reading Days    Monday, December 18, 2017 -Friday, December 22, 2017    Fall Semester ExamsCollege of Arts Science College of Nursing Undergraduate (Non-Nursing Clinical Sequence) GraduateFaculty of Arts Science/Liberal Studies Gallatin School for Individualized Study Graduate School of Arts Science Leonard N. Stern School of Business Undergraduate College Tandon School of Engineering Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service School of Professional Studies Credit Programs Silver School of Social Work Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Tisch School of the ArtsCollege of Global Public HealthFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 23, 2017 through Monday, January 1, 2018.During this period requests for paper transcripts and enrollment certifications will not be processed.    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Student Winter Recess   No classes scheduled    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    The University reopens January Term 2018    Friday, September 29, 2017    January Term 2018 course search and registration status features available on Albert.    Friday, September 29, 2017    Please review the withdrawal schedule to determine when a grade of W will be issued when dropping classes    Monday, October 16, 2017    January 2018 registration begins at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time for most Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students    Wednesday, November 22, 2017 -Sunday, November 26, 2017    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Tuesday, December 5, 2017    The January term tuition payment is due    Tuesday, December 12, 2017    Fall Term Legislative Day Classes will meet according to a Monday schedule    Friday, December 15, 2017    Last day of Fall 2017 classes    Saturday, December 16, 2017 -Sunday, December 17, 2017    Reading Days    Monday, December 18, 2017 -Friday, December 22, 2017    Fall Semester ExamsCollege of Arts Science College of Nursing Undergraduate (Non-Nursing Clinical Sequence) GraduateFaculty of Arts Science/Liberal Studies Gallatin School for Individualized Study Graduate School of Arts Science Leonard N. Stern School of Business Undergraduate College Tandon School of Engineering Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service School of Professional Studies Credit Programs Silver School of Social Work Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Tisch School of the ArtsCollege of Global Public HealthFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 23, 2017 through Monday, January 1, 2018    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Student Winter Recess No classes scheduled    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    Last day for all students to use Albert to add or drop January term classes    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    Last day to drop a class and receive a refund of 100% of tuition    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    The last day to drop a class without the issuance of a W grade    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    January Term 2018 classes begin    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    The University reopens    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    Last day of active waitlists    Wednesday, January 3, 2018    Beginning today students who want to withdraw from a class should use the Request Class Withdrawal process.All students who wish to perform initial registration or a registration transaction to add a class must go to their academic advisor or their academic department in order to initiate this request.    Wednesday, January 3, 2018    Beginning today students will be issued a grade of W if they drop a class from their fall schedule or withdraw for the term.    Wednesday, January 3, 2018    Waitlists will be purged    Thursday, January 4, 2018    The Census Capture Date    Monday, January 15, 2018    Martin Luther King, Jr. DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Friday, January 19, 2018    Last day of January Term 2018 classes Spring 2018    Friday, October 13, 2017    Spring 2018 course search and registration status features available on Albert.    Friday, October 13, 2017    Please review the withdrawal schedule to determine when a grade of W will be issued when dropping classes    Monday, November 13, 2017    Registration begins at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time for most Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students    Wednesday, November 22, 2017 -Sunday, November 26, 2017    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Thursday, November 23, 2017 -Sunday, November 26, 2017    Thanksgiving Recess for University OfficesNo classes scheduled    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Student Winter RecessNo classes scheduled    Saturday, December 23, 2017 -Monday, January 1, 2018    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 23, 2017 through Monday, January 1, 2018. During this period requests for paper transcripts and enrollment certifications will not be processed    Tuesday, January 2, 2018    The University reopens    Thursday, January 4, 2018    Undergraduate Spring Payment DueFailure to meet the payment deadline may result in the cancellation of class reservations    Monday, January 15, 2018    Martin Luther King, Jr. BirthdayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Friday, January 19, 2018    Last day of January Term 2018 classes    Monday, January 22, 2018    Spring 2018 classes begin    Wednesday, January 31, 2018    Late registration beginsInitial registration between January 31, 2018 and February 18, 2018 will be charged a late registration feeFee for undergraduate and diploma students: $50.00Fee for graduate students: $25.00    Sunday, February 4, 2018    Last day of active waitlists    Sunday, February 4, 2018    Last day of initial registration on Albert for all students    Sunday, February 4, 2018    Last day to drop/add on Albert for all students    Sunday, February 4, 2018    Last day to drop a class and receive a refund of 100% of tuition fees for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who are dropping classes, but will remain enrolled in at least one course. For Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who Completely Withdraw from ALL courses during the semester, please see the Refund Schedule for Complete Withdrawal.    Sunday, February 4, 2018    Last day to drop Spring 2018 classes and not receive a grade of W    Monday, February 5, 2018    Courses dropped after the first two weeks of the semester: No refund of tuition or fees for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who are dropping classes, but will remain enrolled in at least one course.    Monday, February 5, 2018    Beginning today students who want to withdraw from a class should use the Request Class Withdrawal process.All students who wish to perform initial registration or a registration transaction to add a class must go to their academic advisor or their academic department in order to initiate this request.    Monday, February 5, 2018    Waitlists will be purged    Tuesday, February 6, 2018    Graduate Spring Payment DueFailure to meet the payment deadline may result in the cancellation of class reservations    Sunday, February 11, 2018    The Census Capture Date    Monday, February 19, 2018    Initial registration on or after Monday, February 19th will be charged a revisedlate registration fee.Fee for undergraduate and diploma students: $100.00 Fee for graduate students: $50.00    Monday, February 19, 2018    Presidents DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Monday, March 12, 2018 -Sunday, March 18, 2018    Spring RecessNo classes scheduled    Friday, March 30, 2018    Last day to use the Term Withdrawal Form to submit a spring semester term withdrawal request or submit a request to withdraw from a course. Students should consult the academic calendar of their home school for specific deadlines pertaining to course withdrawal for the term    Friday, March 30, 2018    Faculty deadline for entering midterm grades    Monday, May 7, 2018    Last day of Spring 2018 classes    Tuesday, May 8, 2018    Reading Day    Wednesday, May 9, 2018 -Tuesday, May 15, 2018    Spring Semester ExamsCollege of Arts Science College of Nursing Undergraduate (Non-Nursing Clinical Sequence) GraduateFaculty of Arts Science/Liberal Studies Gallatin School for Individualized Study Graduate School of Arts Science Leonard N. Stern School of Business Undergraduate College Tandon School of Engineering Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service School of Professional Studies Credit Programs Silver School of Social Work Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Tisch School of the ArtsCollege of Global Public HealthFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date    Wednesday, May 16, 2018    Commencement (tentative date) Summer 2018    Friday, January 12, 2018    Summer 2018 course search and registration status features available on Albert    Monday, February 12, 2018    Registration Begins at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time for most Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students.    Thursday, May 10, 2018    The summer term tuition payment is due.Failure to meet the payment deadline may result in the cancellation of class reservations    Wednesday, May 16, 2018    Commencement (tentative)    Sunday, May 20, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the Special Session.    Sunday, May 20, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Special Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Sunday, May 20, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for those classes scheduled during the Special Session.    Monday, May 21, 2018    First day of Summer term classes: 12-Week Session, 7-Week Session, First 6-Week Session, First 3-Week Session and the Special Session.    Tuesday, May 22, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the First 3-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Tuesday, May 22, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the First 3-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Tuesday, May 22, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the First 3-Week Session    Tuesday, May 22, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for those classes scheduled during the First 3-Week Session    Wednesday, May 23, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled in the First 3-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Thursday, May 24, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled during the 12-Week Session, the 7-Week Session, or the First 6-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Thursday, May 24, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled during the 12-Week Session, the 7-Week Session, or the First 6-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Thursday, May 24, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for classes scheduled during the 12-Week Session, the 7-Week Session, or the First 6-Week Session.    Thursday, May 24, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the 12-Week Session, the 7-Week Session, or the First 6-Week Session    Friday, May 25, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled during the 12-Week Session, the 7-Week Session, or the First 6-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Monday, May 28, 2018    Memorial DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Sunday, June 10, 2018    Last day of classes: First 3-Week Session    Monday, June 11, 2018    First day of classes: Second 3-Week Session    Tuesday, June 12, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Second 3-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Tuesday, June 12, 2018    Last day to enroll into classes scheduled during the second 3-week session on Albert    Tuesday, June 12, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Second 3-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Tuesday, June 12, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the second 3-week session    Wednesday, June 13, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled in the Second 3-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Saturday, June 16, 2018    Legislative Day for Monday classes, if requested by the instructor    Sunday, July 1, 2018    Last day of classes: First 6-Week Session and Second 3-Week Session    Monday, July 2, 2018    First day of classes: Second 6-Week Session and Third 3-Week Session    Tuesday, July 3, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Third 3-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Tuesday, July 3, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for those classes scheduled during the Third 3-Week Session    Tuesday, July 3, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Third 3-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Tuesday, July 3, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the Third 3-Week Session    Wednesday, July 4, 2018    Independence DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Wednesday, July 4, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled during the Third 3-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Thursday, July 5, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the Second 6-Week Session    Thursday, July 5, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for classes scheduled during the Second 6-Week Session    Thursday, July 5, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Second 6-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Thursday, July 5, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Second 6-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Friday, July 6, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled in the Second 6-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Sunday, July 8, 2018    Last day of classes: 7-Week Session    Sunday, July 22, 2018    Last day of classes: Third 3-Week Session.    Monday, July 23, 2018    First day of classes: 4th Quarter Three Week Session    Monday, July 23, 2018    First day of classes: Fourth 3-Week Session    Tuesday, July 24, 2018    Last day of active waitlists for classes scheduled during the Fourth 3-Week Session    Tuesday, July 24, 2018    Last day to enroll on Albert for those classes scheduled during the Fourth 3-Week Session    Tuesday, July 24, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Fourth 3-Week Session and receive a refund of 100% Tuition and Fees    Tuesday, July 24, 2018    Last day to drop a class scheduled in the Fourth 3-Week Session and not be issued a grade of W    Wednesday, July 25, 2018    Beginning today, withdrawal from a class scheduled in the Fourth 3-Week Session will result in the issuance of a W grade    Thursday, July 26, 2018    The Census Capture Date    Saturday, July 28, 2018    Legislative Day for Wednesday classes, if requested by the instructor    Sunday, August 12, 2018    Last day of classes: Six Week Summer Session II / 4th Quarter Three Week SessionFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date Fall 2018    Friday, March 16, 2018    Fall 2018 course search and registration status features available on Albert. Please review the withdrawal schedule to determine when a grade of W will be issued when dropping classes    Monday, April 16, 2018    Registration Begins by appointment for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students.    Monday, May 28, 2018    Memorial DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Wednesday, July 4, 2018    Independence DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Sunday, August 26, 2018    NYU Welcome Day / Move-in Day    Monday, September 3, 2018    Labor DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Tuesday, September 4, 2018    Fall 2018 classes begin    Thursday, September 13, 2018    Late registration beginsInitial registration between September 13, 2018 and October 1, 2018 will be charged a late registration feeFee for undergraduate and diploma students: $50.00Fee for graduate students: $25.00    Monday, September 17, 2018    Last day to drop a class and receive a refund of 100% of tuition fees for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who are dropping classes, but will remain enrolled in at least one course. For Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who Completely Withdraw from ALL courses during the semester, please see the Refund Schedule for Complete Withdrawal.    Monday, September 17, 2018    Last day of initial registration on Albert for all students    Monday, September 17, 2018    Last day of active waitlists    Monday, September 17, 2018    Last day to drop/add on Albert for all students    Monday, September 17, 2018    Last day to drop fall 2018 classes and not receive a grade of W    Tuesday, September 18, 2018    All students who wish to perform initial registration or a registration transaction to add a class must go to their academic advisor or their academic department in order to initiate this request.Beginning today students who want to withdraw from a class should use the Request Class Withdrawal process.    Tuesday, September 18, 2018    Courses dropped after the first two weeks of the semester: No refund of tuition or fees for Undergraduate, Graduate and Diploma students who are dropping classes, but will remain enrolled in at least one course.    Tuesday, September 18, 2018    Beginning today students will be issued a grade of W if they drop a class from their fall schedule or withdraw for the term.    Tuesday, September 18, 2018    Waitlists will be purged    Monday, September 24, 2018    The Census Capture Date    Tuesday, October 2, 2018    Initial registration on or after Tuesday, October 2nd will be charged a revisedlate registration fee.Fee for undergraduate and diploma students: $100.00 Fee for graduate students: $50.00    Monday, October 8, 2018    Fall Recess No classes scheduled    Tuesday, October 9, 2018    Legislative Day Classes will meet according to a Monday schedule    Monday, November 5, 2018    Midterm Grades Deadline    Monday, November 5, 2018    Last day to use the Term Withdrawal Form to submit a fall semester term withdrawal request or submit a request to withdraw from a course. Students should consult the academic calendar of their home school for specific deadlines pertaining to course withdrawal for the term    Wednesday, November 21, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Thursday, November 22, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Thanksgiving Recess for University OfficesNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Friday, December 14, 2018    Last day of Fall 2018 classes    Saturday, December 15, 2018 -Sunday, December 16, 2018    Reading Days    Monday, December 17, 2018 -Friday, December 21, 2018    Fall Semester ExamsCollege of Arts Science College of Nursing Undergraduate (Non-Nursing Clinical Sequence) GraduateFaculty of Arts Science/Liberal Studies Gallatin School for Individualized Study Graduate School of Arts Science Leonard N. Stern School of Business Undergraduate College Tandon School of Engineering Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service School of Professional Studies Credit Programs Silver School of Social Work Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Tisch School of the ArtsCollege of Global Public HealthFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Sunday, January 6, 2019    Student Winter Recess No classes scheduled    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Tuesday, January 1, 2019    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 22, 2018 through Tuesday, January 1, 2019.During this period requests for paper transcripts and enrollment certifications will not be processed.    Wednesday, January 2, 2019    The University reopens    Monday, January 7, 2019    January Term 2019 classes begin January Term 2019    Wednesday, November 21, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Thursday, November 22, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Thanksgiving Recess for University OfficesNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Tuesday, January 1, 2019    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 22, 2018 through Tuesday, January 1, 2019.    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Sunday, January 6, 2019    Student Winter RecessNo classes scheduled    Wednesday, January 2, 2019    The University reopens    Monday, January 7, 2019    January Term 2019 classes begin    Monday, January 21, 2019    Martin Luther King, Jr. BirthdayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Friday, January 25, 2019    Last day of January Term 2019 classes Spring 2019    Wednesday, November 21, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Student Thanksgiving RecessNo classes scheduled    Thursday, November 22, 2018 -Friday, November 23, 2018    Thanksgiving Recess for University OfficesNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Tuesday, January 1, 2019    Winter Recess for University OfficesThe University, including the Office of the University Registrar, will be closed from Saturday, December 22, 2018 through Tuesday, January 1, 2019.    Saturday, December 22, 2018 -Sunday, January 6, 2019    Student Winter RecessNo classes scheduled    Wednesday, January 2, 2019    The University reopens    Monday, January 21, 2019    Martin Luther King, Jr. BirthdayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday   Friday, January 25, 2019    Last day of January Term 2019 classes    Monday, January 28, 2019    Spring 2019 classes begin    Monday, February 18, 2019    Presidents DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Monday, March 18, 2019 -Sunday, March 24, 2019    Spring RecessNo classes scheduled    Monday, May 13, 2019    Last day of Spring 2019 classes    Tuesday, May 14, 2019    Reading Day    Wednesday, May 15, 2019 -Tuesday, May 21, 2019    Spring Semester ExamsCollege of Arts Science College of Nursing Undergraduate (Non-Nursing Clinical Sequence) GraduateFaculty of Arts Science/Liberal Studies Gallatin School for Individualized Study Graduate School of Arts Science Leonard N. Stern School of Business Undergraduate College Tandon School of Engineering Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service School of Professional Studies Credit Programs Silver School of Social WorkSteinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Tisch School of the ArtsCollege of Global Public HealthFinal Grades Deadline Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final exam date    Wednesday, May 22, 2019    Commencement (tentative date) Summer 2019    Wednesday, May 22, 2019    Commencement (tentative date)    Monday, May 27, 2019    Memorial DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Tuesday, May 28, 2019    First day of Summer term classes: 12-Week Session, 7-Week Session, First 6-Week Session, First 3-Week Session and the Special Session.    Saturday, June 15, 2019    Legislative Day for Tuesday classes, if requested by instructor.    Sunday, June 16, 2019    Last day of classes: First 3-Week Session.    Monday, June 17, 2019    First day of classes: Second 3-Week Session.    Thursday, July 4, 2019    Independence DayNo classes scheduled / University Holiday    Saturday, July 6, 2019    Legislative Day for Thursday classes, if requested by instructor.    Sunday, July 7, 2019    Last day of classes: First 6-Week Session and Second 3-Week Session.    Monday, July 8, 2019    First day of classes: Second 6-Week Session and Third 3-Week Session.    Sunday, July 14, 2019    Last day of classes: 7-Week Session.    Sunday, July 28, 2019    Last day of classes: Third 3-Week Session.    Monday, July 29, 2019    First day of classes: Fourth 3-Week Session.    Sunday, August 18, 2019    Last day of classes: 12-Week Session, Second 6-Week Session, Fourth 3-Week Session and the Special Session.Final Grades Deadline. Grades are due 72 hours after the scheduled final.

Uncovering the Archaeological Remains of Tipis

Uncovering the Archaeological Remains of Tipis A tipi ring is the archaeological remains of a tipi, a dwelling type constructed by North American Plains people between at least as early as 500 BC up until the early 20th century. When Europeans arrived in the great plains of Canada and the United States in the early 19th century, they found thousands of clusters of stone circles, made of small boulders placed at close intervals. The rings ranged in size between seven to 30 feet or more in diameter, and in some cases were embedded into the sod. The Recognition of Tipi Rings The early European explorers in Montana and Alberta, the Dakotas and Wyoming were well aware of the meaning and use of the stone circles, because they saw them in use. The German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuweid described a Blackfoot camp at Fort McHenry in 1833; later plains travelers reporting the practice included Joseph Nicollet in Minnesota, Cecil Denny at the Assiniboine camp at Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan, and George Bird Grinnell with the Cheyenne. What these explorers saw was the people of the Plains using stones to weigh down the edges of their tipis. When the camp moved, the tipis were taken down and moved with the camp. The rocks were left behind, resulting in a series of stone circles on the ground: and, because the Plains people left their tipi weights behind, we have one of the few ways that domestic life on the Plains can be archaeologically documented. In addition, the rings themselves had and have meaning to the descendants of the groups which created them, beyond the domestic functions: and history, ethnography, and archaeology together ensures that the rings are a source of cultural richness belied by their plainness. Tipi Ring Meaning To some plains groups, the tipi ring is symbolic of the circle, a core concept of the natural environment, the passage of time, and the gloriously endless view in all directions from the Plains. Tipi camps were also organized in a circle. Among Plains Crow traditions, the word for prehistory is Biiaakashissihipee, translated as when we used stones to weigh down our lodges. A Crow legend tells of a boy named Uuwatisee (Big Metal) who brought metal and wooden tipi stakes to the Crow people. Indeed, stone tipi rings dated later than the 19th century is rare. Scheiber and Finley point out that as such, stone circles act as mnemonic devices linking descendants to their ancestors across space and time. They represent the footprint of the lodge, the conceptual and symbolic home of the Crow people. Chambers and Blood (2010) note that tipi rings typically had a doorway facing east, marked by a break in the circle of stones. According to Canadian Blackfoot tradition, when everyone in the tipi died, the entrance was sewn shut and the stone circle was made complete. That happened all too often during the 1837 smallpox epidemic at the Akà ­Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢nisskoo or Many Dead Kà ­nai (Blackfoot or Siksikà ­tapiiksi) campsite near present-day Lethbridge, Alberta. Collections of stone circles without door openings such as those at Many Dead are thus memorials of the devastation of epidemics on Siksikà ­tapiiksi people. Dating Tipi Rings Untold numbers of tipi ring sites have been destroyed by Euroamerican settlers moving into the Plains, purposefully or not: however, there are still 4,000 stone circle sites recorded in the state of Wyoming alone. Archaeologically, tipi rings have few artifacts associated with them, although there are generally hearths, which can be used to gather radiocarbon dates. The earliest of the tipis in Wyoming date to the Late Archaic period circa 2500 years ago. Dooley (cited in Schieber and Finley) identified increased numbers of tipi rings in the Wyoming site database between AD 700-1000 and AD 1300-1500. They interpret these higher numbers as representing an increased population, increased use of Wyoming trail system and the migrations of Crow from their Hidatsa homeland along the Missouri River in North Dakota. Recent Archaeological Studies Most archaeological studies of tipi rings are the results of large scale surveys with selected pit testing. One recent example was in the Bighorn Canyon of Wyoming, the historic home of several Plains groups, such as the Crow and Shoshone. Researchers Scheiber and Finley used  hand-held Personal Data Assistants (PDAs)  to input data on tipi rings, part of a developed mapping method combining remote sensing, excavation, hand-drawing, computer-assisted drawing, and Magellan Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment. Scheiber and Finley studied 143 oval tipi rings at eight sites, dated between 300 and 2500 years ago. The rings varied in diameter between 160-854 centimeters along their maximum axes, and 130-790 cm on the minimum, with averages of 577 cm maximum and 522 cm minimum. Tipi studied in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were reported as 14-16 feet in diameter. The average doorway in their  dataset  faced north-east, pointing to the midsummer sunrise. The internal  architecture of the Bighorn Canyon group included fire hearths in 43% of the  tipis; external included stone alignments and  cairns thought to represent meat drying racks. Sources Chambers CM, and Blood NJ. 2009.  Love  they  neighbour: Repatriating precarious Blackfoot sites.  International Journal of Canadian Studies  39-40:253-279. Diehl MW. 1992.  Architecture as a Material Correlate of Mobility Strategies: Some Implications for Archeological Interpretation.  Cross-Cultural Research  26(1-4):1-35. doi: 10.1177/106939719202600101 Janes RR. 1989.  A Comment on Microdebitage Analyses and Cultural Site-Formation Processes among Tipi Dwellers.  American Antiquity  54(4):851-855. doi: 10.2307/280693 Orban N. 2011.  Keeping House: A Home for Saskatchewan First Nations Artifacts.  Ã‚  Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University. Scheiber LL, and Finley JB. 2010.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Domestic campsites and cyber landscapes in the Rocky Mountains.  Antiquity  84(323):114-130. Scheiber LL, and Finley JB. 2012.  Situating (Proto) history on the Northwestern Plains and  Rocky Mountains. In: Pauketat TR, editor.  The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 347-358. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380118.013.0029 Seymour DJ. 2012.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹When Data Speak Back: Resolving Source Conflict in Apache Residential and Fire-Making Behavior.  International Journal of Historical Archaeology  16(4):828-849. doi: 10.1007/s10761-012-0204-z

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Business Environment - Essay Example In simpler words, globalization has become a deeply-rooted phenomenon in the present world that there seems to be zero alternative of capitalism. Different skeptics have come up with new and effective economic theories and practices to suspend the common grounds of capitalism in the world (Thornley & Appay, 2010). Nevertheless, the impact or the implementation of capitalism is effective to the core that independent economic policies are failed to practice. Herein, it should be noted that the mentioned view is merely projected by the skeptics and there is still a lot of room of explanation concerning the credibility of the aspect (Milward, 2003). The aim of this essay is to critically assess the thesis statement the proposition that governments are no longer able to implement independent policies. There is supposedly an ongoing debate when it comes to the aspect of efforts made by the governments to implement and promote independent economic policies. The weighing or the effective dimensions to the debate can only be evaluated by understanding triumphed nature of capitalism in the global world, paradox of neo-classical theory, the role of the transfer national companies (TNCs). The fact remains that the economic activities in the past were quiet limited because of the limitations imposed on the trade. In the present times, one can see that it is easier for the organizations to design a product in one region and then deliver it to customer in the opposite part of the world (Ohmae, 1994). Herein, the intensity of skepticism is evident from the fact that western civilizations see capitalism as a threat to social equality. Milward (2003) in his research included that the skeptics of capitalism have always shown great interest in the international discussion of need of non-free market structure. Such an assertion is made

Critical Analysis and Reflection of Cases in the West Yorkshire Essay

Critical Analysis and Reflection of Cases in the West Yorkshire Jurisdiction - Essay Example In terms of completing a particular task of enforcing the law, like other police staff forces, the Yorkshire police force tries to implement all the necessary ethical and lawful guidelines altogether as they put themselves into a particular situation that might not be that easy for just anyone to be under. In the context of this discussion, a practical presentation on how the police force carefully yet strongly implements the systems of the law in the community shall be tackled in an aim to show how important the responsibilities of the said officers in the society are. A repeat offender was caught in the possession of five cannabis plants. These plants were processed for growth through a hydraulic set up. The 26-year-old man producer of drug has been in the watch list of the police as he has long been accused of possession and distribution of drugs for at least 26 previous convictions. These convictions prove the operation of the man and are further proven by the seen evidences in his home. Besides that, the convicted man has also been reported to have a 1000 in his pocket amidst the fact that he does not have a job. He was also seen with a young girl aged 18 who was doubted to have been using the drug along with the 26 year old man. She was rather asked some questions and sworn that she did not know about the ongoing procedures of producing drugs in the house. Given all t Given all the substantial evidences, the need to capture the man is essential. The informant who is the man's mother is asked to go back as she was found clean of the course of her son and was appointed to stay with her grandchild. Legalization, policy and Guidelines Section 23 of PACE allowed the search of the premises of the arrested person at the time of arrest without a warrant1. Subsection 1 says that a constable is allowed to search a person when he is arrested in a place, which is not the police station especially if he poses a danger to himself or others. The search is meant to uncover any thing that he might use to escape custody or which might be evidence in the crime. Subsection 2b allows the search of premises in which he was arrested. The powers do not allow the constable to unclothe or remove any clothes to achieve the purpose of discovering evidence. Moreover, this section does not allow a police officer to return to a site and examine the premises for evidence to corroborate the earlier arrest as he then requires permission from the inspector. Changes have been made in the trigger powers validated by Section 32. Search of the person and premises are allowed only in indictable offences as per the revisions from the midnight of Dece mber 31st 2005 in which the searching of premises and seizing of property are concerned2. The PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984) Section 18 was used for searching the premises of the girl's house and the house that both of the arrested rented for two days. This section of law allows the constable to enter and search the premises occupied or controlled by the person arrested and that relates to the offence, after the arrest3. A permission from the officer of the rank of Inspector of Police is required if the searches are done after the arrested are taken to the police station. This

Why were Alehouses and Gin-shops Threatening to Authorities?

Why were Alehouses and Gin-shops Threatening to Authorities? Why were alehouses and gin-shops threatening to the authorities? This essay will argue that alehouses and gin-shops were threatening to the authorities because they were deemed to disrupt the established social, political and economic order. Commentators of the time, labelled alehouses as nests of Satan[1] and gin-shops as the source of Theft, Murder and Perjury.[2] These hostelries were perceived a widespread menace linking them to crime, poverty, sedition, drunkenness and idleness. At the time, drinking took place in three main types of institutions: the coaching inn that supplied lodgings, victuals and replacement horses, taverns mainly in towns supplying beer and wine, and lastly alehouses, small, often one room, offering only beer. Whilst evidence suggests that government, Parliament, county magistrates and parish constables did not always worry about the same threats, it is likely that much protest and condemnation emanated from the inhabitants of the towns and cities. This viewpoint is supported by extensive research carried out on petition s, legislations, pamphlets, ballads and woodcut prints. There appears a difference in the charges levelled by the authorities between alehouses and gin-shops. With the alehouses, they were concerned in policing to prevent licentiousness and drunkenness, and the latter by moral reformers, targeting the spirits trade and the social problems caused by the labouring classes addiction to gin. This essay will look in detail at the threats posed by the alehouses and the response from government and Parliament. The protests rose from the judgments of the emerging middle-classes, moral reformers identified as Puritans, and local inhabitants. From the mid-seventeenth century, the authorities identified the potential seditious nature of some of the activities within the alehouses. The second part will identify the dangers that the gin craze posed to society at large, the size of the growing problem and the speed of the response of the authorities in tackling this issue. The social function of the alehouses, providing drinking, eating, gambling, dancing and even flirting cannot be underestimated, as these no longer occurred in churchyards following the English Reformation of the 1530s.[3] Recent studies estimate that by 1570 there were 24,000 alehouses, a ratio of 1 every 142 inhabitants, this rose to 50,000 by the 1630s and hit a peak of 60,000 in 1700, a ratio of 1 to every 87 residents.[4] Clearly, as evidence suggests, alehouses were becoming more and more popular, and more and more common within society. The corollary of this expansion infers the central nature and focus of social activities inside the alehouses. It was widely accepted that the alehouses were an essential institution run by the poor for the poor[5], and provided vital income for the innkeeper. In many ways, the alehouses could be said to offer the poor and the unemployed an alternative home.[6] Throughout this period the number of wage-earners within society grew and it is very likely that the authorities feared that people worked just long enough to earn their beer-money rather than spending it on their families, as a petition in Pewsey in Whiltshire demonstrates[7]. It could then be further claimed that this led to a greater strain upon poor relief provided by the parishes because of feckless parents. Samuel Pepys, the diarist, reflects this viewpoint in one of the ballads in his collection: in The Bad-Husbands Folly or Poverty made known a drunken husband who used to spend all his money in strong beer, neglecting his family obligations, repents and vows not to return to the alehouse because Bad company did me undo.[8] The Licencing Act of 1552, set in motion some legal controls over the proliferation of the alehouses, the law stated that to open an alehouse a licence issued by two local Justices of the Peace and evidence of a good character were required.[9] It should also be noted that the late 1500s were a period of bad harvests, hence Parliament and magistrates were probably concerned in storing the grain rather than allowing it to be used for brewing. However, this legislation failed to curb the growth in numbers of the alehouses due to the people not complying with the law and most of them remained unlicensed. This section will address the concerns of the moral reformers, known as Puritans, and of the self-declared better-sort or chief inhabitants of the towns towards the alehouses. Puritanical thought emerged from Protestantism and comprised a moral view of family life in line with scripture. They exercised authority via positions of prominence within society and were ministers of religion, Justices of the Peace, the middle-classes and the gentry. Puritan ministers were not opposed to drinking alcohol in moderation, however the excesses of the alehouses, with all that that entails and the resultant effects on family life were to be condemned. Ministers often took the lead in organising petitions against disorderly alehouses that attracted thieves, prostitutes, gamblers and female drunkards. This hotter sort of Protestants wrote pamphlets attacking the tipplers of the drunkards academye[10] as immoral, depraved and dissolute. Moreover, alehouses attracted people of ill-repute who preferred to drink rather than attend church services on the Sabbath. In addition, a recent study has proved that Puritans disliked the ritual of health-drinking or toasting, full of ceremony, that reminded them of Papist traditions of drinking from the same cup.[11] Besides, healths were often described as lascivious acts that deliberately scorned puritan values and, by declaring allegiance to the king, they were straightforward in resisting Cromwells puritanical regime.[12] Whilst during the Interregnum of 1649-1660 no new legislation was enacted against the alehouses, greater enforcement was undertaken to vet and bar royalist sympathisers from obtaining a licence.[13] Another offensive came from the local yeomanry, gentry and middle-class, who unlike the Puritans, did not seek to suppress all the alehouses, but to censure the ones who were deemed to be in excess, those without a licence, off the beaten path, unruly and disruptive. It was clear that the sheltering of vagrants and prostitutes, the trade of illicit goods and excessive alcohol consumption beyond the point of drunkenness, led to a lack of sleep at night, fights and unchaste behaviour. This habit is cited in the case of Michael Fayered of Inworth in Essex who was accused of having evill rule in his house all night long.[14] Even women alehouse-keepers were deemed to be a menace with the assumption they were setting up brothels and running these establishments with immoral sexual conduct. The number of court cases and protests brought to the attention of government, who sought to limit the effects of drunkenness, led to the Acts of 1604, 1606 and 1618. For the first time, being drunk in public was a finable offence and the annual renewal of licences was established.[15] These acts were more successful than the 1552 Licensing Act and provided some control in confining disorderly behaviour. However, gaming, swearing, tippling, theft, assault and illicit sex were common cases in the law courts. James Scott in his book claims that alehouses hosted a radically subversive culture, one that was well hidden from the view of the elites, hence he coined the term hidden transcript.[16] In support of his thesis, he cites a court case of 1691 where an ale seller in Whiltshire denied hearing any seditious discourses in his house, and that he usually advised his customers not to talk about governments affairs.[17] This statement may infer that political discourse was commonly taking place. In addition, it is possible that it was within the inns and taverns, institutions frequented by the better-sort, that plots against the Crown were hatched. At the same time authorities were concerned about what was really taking place in the alehouses. In the light of these inappropriate political discourses, the targeting of the alehouses might have become a priority for the authorities who sought to crack-down on these behaviours by instituting spies. Records from seventeenth-century Southampton sh ow that a tight surveillance, by both publican and landlords, was in place[18] to make sure that their principal use, victualling and lodging, remained the primary purpose and disorderly behaviour actively discouraged. Thus, the emphasis of the authorities shifted to all forms of recreational drinking which were assumed to be a threat to law and order. Recent historical investigations support the viewpoint that the role of the alehouses for social purposes was more important than the subversive nature previously thought. The observed correlation between alehouses and drunkenness has, in recent years, moved into investigating the alehouse sociability in a more lenient and a less radical approach. The scholar Mark Hailwood demonstrates that it was not always the case that alehouses were the source of lewd behaviour and political radicalism, and that the relationship between getting drunk and being sociable was not antagonistic but interdependent.[19] Sociability might have provided so cial cohesion among people who worked and lived in the same neighbourhood, a jovial environment rather than chaos and disorder. From the proliferation to the peak of the alehouses it took roughly one hundred and fifty years, and several Acts of Parliament before the authorities brought the alehouses under control. By the end of the seventeenth century a new threat appeared on the horizon, namely the Gin Craze. Looking at the effect gin shops had on society and their threat to the authorities, there was an ever-increasing consumption of gin following the banning of French brandy in 1689 by William III. This ban and the London Company of Distillers losing its monopoly led to the increased production of cheap British gin and the establishment of unregulated distillers, who often put turpentine and other lethal ingredients as part of their concoctions. Consequently, thousands of small gin-shops opened in cellars, back rooms of private homes, some people even sold it from pushcarts in the streets. With no regulations in place and a cheap price, the so-called Gin Craze took off. By the mid-1720s the practice of regularly attending dram shops, especially amongst Londons labouring and poor classes, had become a significant social and health concern for the authorities, with the impeding need to pass legislation designed to control the consumption of gin. In contrast to the alehouses, the gin trade and its consumption were opposed mainly by the propertied classes, Puritans and a coalition of Middlesex and Westminster Justices. It can be claimed that the 1729 Gin Act did little or nothing to limit the number of unlicensed premises, which in London alone were about 4,000.[20] Protests against the gin trade reached a fever-pitch by 1735 with the publication of pamphlets, cartoons and treatises. These discourses claimed that drunkenness caused by gin in the street was responsible for social disorders, with an increased number of robberies, fights, murders and deaths by intoxication. It was inferred that the consumption of gin may have been linked to idleness and the incapacity to work, resulting in opportunistic crimes being committed to obtain money to satisfy their addiction to Mother Gin. The Puritans feared that the addled minds of drunk people might have supported the ever-present Jacobean threat, resulting in a return to Catholicism in Britain. These concerns have been well summarised in the 1736 Thomas Wilsons pamphlet Distilled Spirituous Liquors the Bane of the Nation: people were enervated by a fatal love of a slow but sure Poyson.[21] The likely lobbying of Sir John Gonson, a Westminster magistrate, associated with the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and Sir Joseph Jekyll, played an active role in the contended passage of the 1736 Gin Act that increased license fees and fines, and also aimed to reduce the smuggling of gin.[22] Historians have started to investigate the impact of gin drinking on society, and according to Peter Clark, the reformists campaign against the spirits trade was exaggerated and sensationalist.[23] His theory is supported by records of the time which demonstrate that in Clarkenwell, Mile End and Stepney, where gin selling was widespread, there was no substantial evidence of increased crime rates, and this was also reflected in the wider country. Despite legislation being enacted in 1736, it failed to regulate gin selling leading to widespread public disorder by 1738. Many of the gin-shops and street gin selling occurred in the southern and eastern suburbs of London where gin was mostly popular amongst women. The increasingly observable situation of drunk mothers and neglected children caused moral outrage to the Puritans with their view of family life[24]. There was a polarisation between drunken behaviour and thriftiness promoted by moralists. It was believed that heavy drinking was increasing the number of mothers and babies deaths, and that gin was the root of disruption of domestic oeconomy and respectability. It was also widely perceived that gin-drinking mothers were regarded to produce a Spindle shankd generation,[25] with the foetus being damaged in the womb. Above all, it was a commonly held thought that drunkenness led to fecklessness, and people were condemned to a life of misery. The renowned 1751 engraving by Wi lliam Hogarth, Gin Lane,[26] highlights all these threats posed to society. The print pictorialises the violence of excessive gin consumption depicting a ragged bare-breasted mother scraping the contents of her snuff box as her child is toppling from her arms down a cellar that bears the inscription Drunk for a penny, Dead drunk for twopence. The new 1751 Act was effective and restricted retailing to respectable sellers and raised duties on distilling, subsequently gin consumption fell. Overall, it can be asserted that the offensives of Parliament, middling urban society and reformers towards gin consumption blamed the poor for their behaviour. This essay had discussed the different reasons why alehouses and gin-shops were a threat to the authorities in early modern England. Even though the consumption of ale had existed within English society in perpetuity, the increased popularity and concentration of excessive beer drinking became a problem from the mid-sixteenth century. Although the authorities were not against drinking per se, they were worried about the acts of disorder caused by excessive drinking. The authority exercised on the alehouses came from above, government and Parliament, and from below by Puritans and citizens. On the other hand, the gin craze was a sudden import from the continent in the late 1600s and started in metropolitan areas as opposed to the mostly rural alehouses. As demonstrated, the gin craze presented similar problems to the authorities as the alehouses, but included more acute threats that required urgent action: extreme criminality, adult mortality and infant deformity. It should be noted t hat the authorities reaction to the alehouses spanned a period of about one-hundred and fifty years and multiple acts of legislation by Parliament. This is a marked difference to legislation against the gin trade that took over a period of about twenty years culminating in the provisions set out in the Act of 1736. The seditious nature of alehouses only became to be considered a problem from the mid-1600s, prior to this period the alehouses were a focus of social discord which could have deemed to have been a threat to authority but it was not in its nature seditious. On the other hand, gin-shops were deemed to be seditious since their inception. The difference in the response by authorities to the alehouses and gin-shops could be partially explained by the hidden rural proliferation of the alehouses amongst the poor, compared to the self-evident chaos observable in Gin Lane by the urban upper and middle-classes. The influence of puritanism and its revulsion of the amoral family val ues, that resulted from the gin-craze, was probably more keenly felt in the metropolitan areas rather than in the countryside. Ultimately, it is very interesting to note the changes in historical perspective with regards to beer. As detailed in Hogarths Beer Street and Gin Lane[27], intended to be viewed together, alehouses were not seen as places of chaos and disorder any more, they were rather a site of social conviviality, in contrast with the parish of St. Giles portrayed as an urban image of an alcohol-induced road to oblivion. [1] Christopher Hudson 1631 in Peter, Clark, The Alehouse and the Alternative Society in Donald Pennington and Keith Thomas (eds.), Puritans and Revolutionaries. Essays in Seventeenth-Century History presented to Christopher Hill, (Oxford, 1978), p.47 [2] Hogarth, William and Fielding, Henry, Gin Lane, (1751) [accessed 15 February 2017] [3] Mark, Hailwood, Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England, (Boydell and Brewer Ltd, 2014),p.5 [4] Peter, Clark, The English Alehouse: a Social History 1200-1830, (London, 1983),pp.42-47 [5] Clark, The Alehouse,p.53 [6] Patricia, Fumerton, Not Home: Alehouses, Ballads and the Vagrant Husband in Early Modern England, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies,32:3 (Fall 2002),p.505 [7] Hailwood, Alehouses,p.41 [8] The Bad-Husbands Folly; or, Poverty made known (c.1671-1702), in Pepys Ballads, IV, p. 77 [accessed 15 February 2017] [9] James, Nicholls, The Politics of Alcohol: A History of the Drink Question in England, (Manchester University Press, 2011),p.11 [10] Sir Richard Grosvenor 1625 in Hailwood, Alehouses,p.19 [11] Angela, McShane, Material Culture and Political Drinking in Seventeenth Century England, Past and Present Supplement 9, (2014),p.260 [12] Marika, Keblusek, Wine for Comfort: Drinking and The Royalist Exile Experience, 1642-1660, in Adam Smyth (ed.), A Pleasing Sinne. Drink and Conviviality in Seventeenth-Century England, (Cambridge, 2004),pp.55-68 [13] Bernard, Capp, Englands Culture Wars: Puritan Reformation and Its Enemies in the Interregnum, 1649-1660, (Oxford University Press, 2012),pp.162 [14] Keith, Wrightson, Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590-1660 in Eileen Yeo and Stephen Yeo, (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure, (The Harvester Press Limited, 1981),p.8 [15] Nicholls, Politics,pp.13-15 [16] Scott in Hailwood, Alehouses,p.65 [17] Ibid.,pp.70 [18] James, Brown, Drinking Houses and the Politics of Surveillance in Pre-industrial Southampton, in B. KÃ ¼min (ed.), Political space in Pre-industrial Europe, (Ashgate, 2009),pp.61-80 [19] Mark, Hailwood,'It puts good reason into brains: Popular Understandings of the Effects of Alcohol in Seventeenth-Century England,Brewery History,150 (2013),p.14 [20] Peter, Clark, The Mother Gin Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,vol.38 (1988),p.68 [21] Wilson in Jonathan, White, The slow but sure Poyson: The Representation of Gin and its Drinkers,1736-1751, Journal of British Studies,42:1(2003),p.46 [22] Clark, Mother Gin,pp.74-75 [23] Ibid.,p.72 [24] Maddox in White, The Representation,p.59-63 [25] Nicholls, The Politics,p.40 [26] Hogarth, Gin Lane, (1751) [27] Hogarth, Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751)

Analysis of Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

Analysis of â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari† Richard Lee’s piece, â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari,† describes his experience living with the ! Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert in south central Africa, but it does more than just reiterate a three year stint with a native African tribe. It also serves as documentation of another instance of how different societies of people distinguish themselves from one another with certain customs and differences in how they conduct themselves socially. Misunderstandings are commonplace when it comes to anthropologist living among an unfamiliar group of people due to many sorts of cultural barriers.The primary obstacle that Lee encounters is a misinterpretation between himself and the tribesman on why he isn’t receiving the gratitude that he expects for slaughtering such an enormous ox. While it may not seem like it at first, the conflict that arises between the tribesman and Lee can symbolize the dispari ty between society in the United States and society in the Kalahari Desert. In the United States, when people do a deed that they deem as an act of kindness, they expect a â€Å"thank you† from the beneficiary. The! Kung Bushmen operate a little differently.Instead of the â€Å"thank you† that is customary in the United States, they ridicule and degrade the gift. This is what occurred with Lee and his ox which left him bewildered as to why the Bushmen would treat him this way when he was sure that he has chose a more than adequate ox for the feast. This is another example of how cultures can contrast with one another. The reasoning behind why the! Kung Bushmen handle gifts the way they do is actually a simple one. Their goal is to have no one man perceive himself greater than others just because he can bring home food.The line â€Å"We insult men after they make a kill because of Arrogance. Yes, when a young man kills much meat he comes to think of himself as a chief or big man, and he thinks of the rest of us as inferior or servants. We can't accept this† supports this line of thinking. When the Bushmen realized how proud Lee was of his sacrifice, they utilized this in order to keep him humble. Many times when Americans perform a good deed it is so they can receive some sort of recognition which in turn builds their ego. This is where the !Kung and Americans contrast. The ! Kung act the way they do because they see it as a service. They consider keeping one humble as doing the person a favor. Richard Lee’s firsthand experience served to deliver the message to the reader much more efficiently than if we were to read it from someone who received their information indirectly. By reading Lee’s account, we are able to fully grasp the effect that the ! Kung have on someone and how that person reacts to it, in addition to why the ! Kung act operate in the manner that they do.

The War Of The French Revolution - 899 Words

Corey Simms Mrs. J Modern History March 19, 2015 Justified or Nahh Bertrand Russell once said, â€Å"war does not determine who is right-only who is left.† A bloodshed event in modern European History, the French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by enlightenment ideas, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic†¦show more content†¦These are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.† (Dec. of Rights) This means the government should provide security which is safety for the people when they’re stating a difference in opinion. For example, even the King and Queen, and Robespierre were not safe or protected from the guillotine. This article explains how people who disagree with the government should go unpunished. During the reign of terror people were punished for exercising their basic rights. The Reign of Terror was unjustified and so were their methods. The government used extreme methods during the reign of terror, and tried to change laws to support what they believed in. â€Å"Judgment of last resort: the local court has final say. Therefore can be no appeal, even for a death by guillotine conviction.† (Letter from the vendee) The government is trying to take away people’s rights, and kill whoever they claim not fit to live in their society. The government is trying to change the laws to justify killing the poor and people who disagree with them. This method goes in direct violation with the (Dec. of Rights). For example, article 7 says â€Å"no person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned, except in cases [allowed] by law.† Another example comes from the same source but article 9 â€Å"all person are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty.† Judgment of last resort clearly violates everyone’s rights and therefore is unjustified. Louis XVI